Chapter 9 Review Drug Identification and Toxicology Answers

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Chapter ix Drug Identification and Toxicology By the end of this chapter you will be able to: o o o 1 Identify the 5 types of controlled substances Relate signs and symptoms of overdose with a specific class of drugs or toxins Describe the role of various types of toxins in causing decease Discuss agents that may be used in bioterrorism Define and depict the goals and practice of toxicology

Introduction TOXICOLOGY the study of poisons and the identification of drugs 1. Medicinal 2. Recreational 3. Criminal *ingesting, inhaling, injecting 2

Introduction TOXICITY The degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury Ø Apply (how it was taken) Ø Duration (frequency) Ø Nature of exposure (ingested, inhaled or absorbed) Ø Interaction (mixture with other drugs) 3

Introduction Forensic toxicology helps determine crusade-and -effect relationships between o Exposure to a drug or other substance and o 4 Toxic or lethal furnishings from that exposure

Introduction People can be exposed to toxic substances: o intentionally— by treating disease or relieving hurting o accidentally— past harmful combinations or overdoses o deliberately— past harming or killing others, or past suicide five

Brief History of Drugs o o o 6 399 BC - Socrates died of hemlock poisoning Arsenic poisoning "inheritance powder" 1797 – Orfila and Christison could identify arsenic in the tissue of bodies 1945 – cyanide capsules used to murder Nazi leaders Himmler and Goering 1978 – Jonestown cult members (cyanide punch killing 900 people) 1978 – Bulgarian dissident Markov died by ingesting ricin, a component of the waste material product of the manufacture of castor oil from castor bean

Poison Commonly used poisons one. 2. iii. four. 5. Arsenic Cyanide Strychnine Chemicals used in fertilizer Others Acute poisoning – high dose over a curt period of time, such as cyanide ingestion or inhalation, immediately producing symptoms 7 Chronic poisoning – lower doses over longer periods of time, gradual symptoms

Poison—Murder, Adventitious Overdoses, and Drug Offences o viii Poisoning causes less than ½ of 1% of all homicides (not mutual) o Adventitious drug overdoses are more common o Drug offenders • More than 50% of the federal prison population • Nearly 20% of the population in state prisons • Arrests have increased since the early 1900's

Controlled Substances Legal drugs whose sale, possession, and use are restricted 1. ii. 3. 4. 5. nine Hallucinogens Narcotics Stimulants Anabolic steroids Depressants

Controlled Substances —Hallucinogens o o o 10 Often derived from plants The consequence and intensity of response to these drugs varies from person to person. Affects the user's perceptions, thinking, selfawareness, and emotions

Controlled Substances —Hallucinogens o Affects of an overdose often include • Increased heart rate • Increased claret pressure • Panic attacks, anxiety, or psychosis xi

Controlled Substances —Hallucinogens LSD – constitute in 1938 in a mucus that grows on grains, about stiff mood changing. Odorless, colorless and tasteless. Sold in tablets, absorbent paper divided into decorative squares. 12 PCP – pure, white, crystal powder, a tablet or capsule.

Controlled Substances —Narcotics Used to reduce pain past suppressing the primal nervous system…often causes unconsciousness 13

Controlled Substances —Stimulants o o o 14 Increases feelings of energy and alacrity Suppresses appetite Afterwards, depression often results Overdose affects include high blood force per unit area, agitation, defoliation, seizures Stimulants tend to exist highly addictive

Controlled Substances —Stimulants 15

Controlled Substances —Anabolic Steroids o o 16 A chemic structure similar to testosterone Promote cell and tissue growth increasing bone mass and trunk muscle. Pop with weightlifters, bodybuilders, and other athletes What are some of the negative side effects?

Controlled Substances —Depressants o o o 17 Barbiturates and benzodiazepines Affects the central nervous system by increasing GABA action, a neurotransmitter Increased GABA causes drowsiness and slowed brain activity Relieves anxiety and produces sleep Side effects include slurred oral communication and loss of coordination Mixing depressants with booze and other drugs increases potency and health risks

Controlled Substances —Alcohols o In what way are alcohols toxic? o How is grain booze produced? o o o 18 What are the archetype symptoms of a hangover? What is the effect of alcohol on the cardinal nervous system? What can chronic alcohol abuse cause?

Controlled Substances —Bacterial Toxins o Tetanus (likewise called Lockjaw) • Produced by the Clostridium tetani leaner • Causes violent muscle spasms o Botulism • Produced by Clostridium botulinum—botulism • Paralyzes muscles • Causes irreversible damage to nerve endings • Extremely mortiferous in very pocket-sized amounts • Most poisonous biological substance 19

Toxins o o o 20 Organic - poisonous substances produced by living organisms. (bee sting, serpent bite, plants) Alcohols – ethanol (beverages) Bacterial – EX. Botulism is the most poisonous - (Clostridium botulinum) - contaminated foods EX. Tetanus – mortiferous - (Clostridium tetani)

Controlled Substances —Pesticides and Heavy Metals 21

Controlled Substances —Pesticides and Heavy Metals 22

Controlled Substances —Bioterrorism Agents Ricin o o o A poisonous protein in the brush bean Lethal in extremely small-scale amounts Enters the torso in diverse ways: • inhaled as a mist or a pulverization • ingested equally food or drink • injected into the trunk o 23 Causes expiry within a few hours

Controlled Substances—Bioterrorism Agents Anthrax o o o Bacillus anthracis, which forms endospores Spreads to humans from infected animals Enters the man trunk through: • Inhalation; causing animate problems that commonly consequence in decease • Ingestion; condign fatal in 25% to sixty% of cases • Absorption via the skin; leading to death in about 20% of untreated cases 24

. . Summary. . . . o o 25 Forensic toxicology seeks to place poisons or drugs in criminals and victims. Toxicology is important in studying cases of drug overdose and sporting violations.

. . . Summary. . o Controlled substances autumn into 5 main groups: • • • 26 Hallucinogens Narcotic Stimulants Steroids Depressants

. . . . Summary o o o 27 Poisons can be produced by living organisms. Pesticides and heavy metals are common poisons. Bioterrorism agents include ricin and anthrax.

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